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Module:labels/data/lang/apc

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The following documentation is generated by Template:label language-specific data documentation. [edit]
Useful links: root page • root page’s subpages • links • transclusions • testcases • sandbox

This module contains data for language-specific labels for Arabe Hilagang Levantino. See Module:labels/data for more info. 


local labels = {}

--- ETHNOLECT LABELS ---
-- note: this is for terms or pronunciations used *by* members of an ethnic or ethnoreligious community, --
-- NOT for terms relating to that community that are recognized by everyone --
-- the former (these here) will be categorized as "<Community> North Levantine Arabic", --
-- whereas the latter (further down below) are to be categorized as apc:<Community> --

labels["Druze"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Druzes"},
	Wikipedia = {"Druze", "Lebanese Druze", "Druze in Syria"},
	regional_categories = {"Druze"},
	region = "{{w|Druze}} of <country>",
	prep = "by",
	the = true,
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	addl = "Druze, especially in rural communities, are well-known for largely retaining the original {{m|ar|ق}} {{ic|/q/}} that many other surrounding dialects have shifted to {{ic|/ʔ/}} or {{ic|/ɡ/}}.",
	parent = true,
}

labels["Christian"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Christians"},
	Wikipedia = {"Christians", "Arab Christians", "Christianity in Lebanon", "Christianity in Syria"},
	regional_categories = "Christian",
	region = "{{w|Christians}} of <country>",
	prep = "by",
	the = true,
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	parent = true,
}

-- example: the use of اللهم صل على محمد وآل محمد upon forgetting something
-- as a prayer to help one remember it
labels["Muslim"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Muslims"},
	Wikipedia = {"Islam", "Islam in Lebanon", "Islam in Syria"},
	regional_categories = {"Muslim"},
	region = "{{w|Muslims|Muslim}} communities of <country>",
	prep = "by",
	the = true,
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	parent = true,
}

labels["Shiite"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Metwali", "Metwalli", "Metouali", "Shia"},
	Wikipedia = "Lebanese Shia Muslims",
	regional_categories = {"Shiite"},
	region = "{{w|Shiites}} of <country> (primarily Lebanon)",
	prep = "by",
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	parent = "Muslim",
}

labels["Sunni"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = {"Sunni Islam", "Lebanese Sunni Muslims"},
	regional_categories = "Sunni",
	region = "{{w|Sunnis}} of <country>",
	prep = "by",
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	parent = "Muslim",
}

-- remember, this is for not-necessarily-Alawism-related stuff used *by* Alawites
labels["Alawite"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = "Alawites",
	regional_categories = {"Alawite"},
	prep = "by",
	region = "Alawites",
	country = "Syria",  -- by and large
	parent = true,
}

labels["Armenian"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = "Armenians in the Middle East",
	regional_categories = "Armenian",
	prep = "among",
	region = "Armenians",
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	addl = "Many Armenians sought refuge from the {{w|Armenian genocide}} in Lebanon, Syria, and elsewhere in the Middle East, and now make up the largest diaspora community in the Levant. The diaspora largely speaks {{w|Western Armenian}}, which is therefore the source of most or all Armenian-language terms used in Levantine Arabic.",
	parent = true,
}

-- probably will stay empty
labels["Dom"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = {"Dom people", "Doms in Lebanon", "Doms in Syria"},
	regional_categories = "Dom",
	prep = "by and among",
	region = "Doms",
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	parent = true,
}

--- RELIGIONS ---
-- these are for things pertaining *to* religions that can be recognized/used by outgroupers --

-- there are already generic Greek Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Christianity, and Islam labels!

labels["Sunni Islam"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Sunnism"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	plain_categories = true,
	parent = "Islam",
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
}

labels["Shia Islam"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Shiism"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	plain_categories = true,
	parent = "Islam",
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
}

labels["Maronite Christianity"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Maronitism"},
	Wikipedia = "Maronites",
	country = "Lebanon,Syria",
	plain_categories = true,
	parent = "Christianity,Catholicism",
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
}

-- do I label it this or Melkitism?
labels["Melkite Christianity"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"Melkitism", "Melchitism", "Melchite Christianity"},
	Wikipedia = {"Lebanese Melkite Christians", "Melkite"},
	plain_categories = "Melkite Christianity",
	parent = "Christianity,Catholicism",
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
}

labels["Alawism"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = true,
	plain_categories = true,
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
	parent = true,
}

labels["Druzism"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = true,
	plain_categories = true,
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
	parent = true,
}

-- not religions but still
labels["Armenia"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = true,
	plain_categories = true,
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
	parent = true,
}

labels["Dom people"] = {
	noreg = true,
	Wikipedia = true,
	plain_categories = true,
	verb = "pertaining",
	prep = "to",
	the = true,
	parent = true,
}

--- REGIONS ---
labels["Lebanon"] = {
	aliases = {"Lebanese"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Libanes", --TLCHANGE "Lebanese",
	addl = "Lebanese dialects are characterized by and large by their retention, to various degrees, of the diphthongs {{m|apc||ـَيْـ|tr=ay}} and {{m|apc||ـَوْـ|tr=aw}}, by their {{w|Raising (sound change)|raising}} of {{m|apc|ا|tr=ā}} to {{ic|/eː/}} in most varieties, and by many dialects' merger of final tense vowels into the lax ones or, more rarely except in song, vice versa. (Tense vowels: {{m|apc|[[ـِي]] [[ـُوا]]|tr=-i -u}}, lax vowels: {{m|apc|[[ـِة]] [[ـُه]]|tr=-e -o}}.)",
	parent = true,
}

labels["North Lebanon"] = {
	aliases = {"North Lebanese", "north Lebanon", "north Lebanese"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Hilagang Libanes", --TLCHANGE "North Lebanese",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	-- TODO: need to mention differential and nondifferential here   
	addl = "North Lebanese dialects have been described by Michel T. Feghali (1919, {{w|Kfar Abida}}), Hassan El-Hajjé (1954, {{w|Tripoli}}), Michel Jiha (1954, {{w|Bishmizzine}}), Henri Fleisch (1974), and Mahmut Ağbaht (2023, {{w|Cheikh Taba}}). These varieties are best known for unique vocabulary and for rounding {{m|apc|ا|tr=ā}} to {{ic|/oː/}} or lower in the vicinity of {{w|emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants}}.",
}

-- for the i-umlaut ā/ē > ī shift in this area
labels["Zgharta District"] = {
	aliases = {"Zgharta", "Zghartawi"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Zghartawi",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	addl = "Zghartawi varieties have been described by Henri Fleisch (c. 1974, {{w|Kfarsghab}}) and Dean H. Obrecht (1968, {{w|Kfarsghab}}). Traditional dialects in this region feature a striking shift of {{m|apc|ا|tr=ā}} to {{ic|/iː/}} in the vicinity of the high vowel {{ic|/i/}}, distinct from the more-typical unconditioned Lebanese raising of {{m|apc|ا|tr=ā}} to {{ic|/eː/}} that they exhibit in other environments. This indicates that the latter bout of raising postdated the former and triggered a {{w|chain shift}} ''ā > ē > ī'' in this region, whereas all other areas of the Levant with the latter shift only performed a merger of ''ā'' into any preexisting i-umlauted ''ē''. Dialects in this region are also replete with the {{w|diphthongization}} of final ''-ī(C) -ū(C)'' into ''-ay(C) -aw(C)'' found throughout rural Lebanon.",
}

-- this might be merged into zgharta district since
-- the main distinctive feature of this area,
-- the i-umlaut shift mentioned above, isn't unique to the village
-- however kfarsghab is by far the best-documented village
-- with this shift so i think it's worth keeping independent,
-- that'll make it easy to copy something from Fleisch and label it
-- exactly how he did
labels["Kfarsghab"] = {
	aliases = {"Kfar Sghab", "Kafarsghab", "Kafar Sghab", "Kfarsghabi", "Kfar Sghabi", "Kafar Sghabi"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	parent = "Zgharta District",
	regional_categories = "Kfarsghabi",
	addl = "The old dialect is the best described of the traditional {{w|Zgharta District|Zghartawi}} varieties, owing largely or entirely to the work of {{w|Henri Fleisch}}."
}

labels["Beqaa"] = {
	aliases = {"Beqaai", "Beqaa Valley", "Beqaa valley"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Beqaai",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	addl = "Beqaai varieties have been described by {{w|Henri Fleisch}} (c. 1974). Characterized by a unique lexicon and accent, they, along with their neighbors in the Syrian {{w|Qalamoun}}, pronounce /CVCC/ syllables as [CVːCC] (especially in {{w|pausa}}) rather than breaking them to ''CVCᵊC'' as in much of the rest of Lebanon. Through this they resist both the common merger of ''CiCC'' into ''CiCiC'' and the common monophthongization of ''-ayC -awC'' into ''-ēC -ōC''. Additionally, some Beqaai varieties (such as that of {{w|Khirbet Riha}} and its vicinity) are some of the last sedentary ones in the region to retain {{w|interdental|interdentals}}.",
}

labels["Keserwan"] = {
	aliases = {"Keserwani"},
	Wikipedia = {"Keserwan District", "Keserwan–Jbeil Governorate", "Kisrawan"},
	regional_categories = "Keserwani",
	addl = "Until the advent of the 20th century, Keserwan and {{w|Metn}} dialects retained {{m|ar|ق}} {{ic|/q/}}, even among Maronites, not just Druze.<!-- can cite Fleisch for this --> Additionally, they feature no trace of diphthongization or lowering of final ''-īC -ūC''. They also treat the negator {{m|apc|ـش|tr=-š}} differently from the rest of Lebanon, for which see usage notes there.",
	parent = true,
}

-- often agrees with keserwan so worth splitting off from mount lebanon
labels["Matn"] = {
	aliases = {"Metn", "Matni", "Metni", "Matn District", "Matn district", "Metn District", "Metn district"},
	Wikipedia = {"Matn District"},
	regional_categories = "Matni",
	parent = "Lebanon,Mount Lebanon",
	addl = "Until the advent of the 20th century, {{w|Keserwan}} and Metn dialects retained {{m|ar|ق}} {{ic|/q/}}, even among Maronites, not just Druze.<!-- can cite Fleisch for this --> Additionally, they feature no trace of diphthongization or lowering of final ''-īC -ūC''. They also treat the negator {{m|apc|ـش|tr=-š}} differently from the rest of Lebanon, for which see usage notes there.",
}

labels["Mount Lebanon"] = {
	aliases = {"Mount Lebanese"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Mount Lebanese",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	addl = "The best documentation of Mount Lebanese dialects comes from {{w|Anis Freiha}}, a native of {{w|Ras el-Matn}} who compiled a dissertation on quadriliteral verbs (1938), a 195-page dictionary of vocabulary (1947), and a translated, 750-page compilation of proverbs (1974), all in its dialect. Mount Lebanese dialects have also been described by Henri Fleisch (c. 1974)."
}

labels["Ras al-Matn"] = {
	aliases = {"Ras el-Matn", "Ras el-Metn", "Ras al-Metn", "Ras al Matn", "Ras el Matn", "Ras al Metn", "Ras el Metn", "Ras Al-Matn", "Ras El-Matn", "Ras El-Metn", "Ras Al-Metn", "Ras Al Matn", "Ras El Matn", "Ras Al Metn", "Ras El Metn"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = true,
	parent = "Mount Lebanon",
	addl = "Ras Al-Matn's vernacular enjoyed detailed treatment by {{w|Anis Freiha}}, a native of {{w|Ras el-Matn}} who in his lifetime compiled a dissertation on quadriliteral verbs (1938), a 195-page dictionary of vocabulary (1947), and a translated, 750-page compilation of proverbs (1974), all in its dialect."
}

labels["Beirut"] = {
	aliases = {"Beiruti", "Beyrouth", "Beytouthi"},
	parent = "Lebanon",
	regional_categories = "Beiruti",
	Wikipedia = true,
	addl = "Beiruti Arabic has been described by Emanuel Mattsson (1911) and several others since. The traditional Old Beiruti dialect features an emphatic {{m|apc|ق|ts=ʔ̣}}, raising of final {{m|apc|ـَا|tr=-a}} to ''-e'', and raising of final ''-aC'' to ''-iC''.",
}

labels["Sidon"] = {
	aliases = {"Saida", "Saidawi", "Sidonian"},
	Wikipedia = "Sidon",
	regional_categories = "Sidonian",
	parent = "Lebanon,South Lebanon",
	addl = "Dialects of Sidon and Tyre are known for often retaining {{m|apc|ا|ā}} {{ic|/aː/}} without raising it as in much of Lebanon, and for the enclitic pronouns {{m|apc|[[ـهِن]] [[ـكِن]]|tr=-(h)in -kin}} rather than normative {{m|apc||[[ـهُن]] [[ـكُن]]|tr=-(h)un -kun}}.",
}

labels["South Lebanon"] = {
	aliases = {"South Lebanese", "south Lebanon", "south Lebanese"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "South Lebanese",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	addl = "''South Lebanese'' often denotes ''Shiite South Lebanese'' dialects, especially of the {{w|Nabatieh Governorate}}. They have been described by Jussi Aro (1964, {{w|Zrarieh}}), Valerie Becker Makkai (1964), Henri Fleisch (c. 1974, {{w|Kherbet Selem}}), and El-Rabih Makki (1983, {{w|Bint Jbeil}}).<br>The best-known feature of traditional southern Shiite dialects, receding quickly today, is the raising of word-final {{m|apc|ـا|tr=-a, -āC}} from ''-a, -ēC'' to ''-i, -īC'' or similar, which accompanies the broader rural Lebanese lowering of ''-īC -ūC'' to ''-ēC -ōC'' or breaking to ''-ayC -awC'' in lento speech. (Southern dialects also feature a well-developed system of \"allegro\" and \"lento\" alternations, which resemble context and pause forms except that lento environments occur more often throughout speech than pausal ones do.)<br>Further south, the four Maronite villages of {{w|al-Qaouzah}}, {{w|Rmaish}}, {{w|Debel}}, and {{w|Ain Ebel}} form their own enclave free of these features and uniquely retain {{m|apc|ق|tr=q}} {{ic|/q/}}; these dialects have been described by {{w|Henri Fleisch}} (c. 1974).",
}

labels["Zrarieh"] = {
	aliases = {"Zrerieh", "Zreriyye", "Zreriyyeh", "Zreriye", "Zreriyeh", "Zrariye", "Zrariyye", "Zrariyeh", "Zrariyyeh", "Zrarié", "Zrerié"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = true,  -- I don't know what the nisba for Zrarieh is
	parent = "South Lebanon",
	addl = "A traditional Zrarieh dialect was described by {{w|Jussi Aro}} in 1964."
}

labels["Bint Jbeil"] = {
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = true,  -- nor for Bint Jbeil
	parent = "South Lebanon",
	addl = "A traditional Bint Jbeil dialect was described by Elrabih Massoud Mekki, a native speaker, for his PhD dissertation in 1984. More recently, it was also granted a brief overview on the I Love Languages YouTube channel (2021)."
}

-- feel like this should instead just be "lb|South Lebanon|Maronite"     
-- labels["Maronite South Lebanon"] = {
-- 	Wikipedia = "al-Qaouzah,Rmaish,Debel,Ain Ebel",
-- 	regional_categories = "Maronite South Lebanese",
-- }

labels["Hasbayya"] = {
	aliases = {"Hasbani"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Hasbani",
	parent = "Lebanon",
	addl = "The best-attested Hasbani dialect is the traditional pre-20th c. vernacular of {{w|Ebel el Saqi}} thanks to the archives of {{w|Salam el-Rassi}}, a village native who conducted a television show in which he narrated and analyzed parables and folklore from his studies of Lebanese folk history. His dialect featured {{w|interdental|interdentals}}, unconditionally retained diphthongs ''ay aw'' including as verbal conjugation endings ({{m|apc|قرا|بْتِقْرَيْ|tr=btiqray|t=you.f read}}, {{m|apc|قرا|بْتِقْرَوْا|tr=btiqraw|t=you.PL read}}), and {{m|apc|ق}} {{ic|/q/}}."
}

labels["Syria"] = {
	aliases = {"Syrian"},
	Wikipedia = true,
	regional_categories = "Syrian",
	addl = "Syrian Arabic varieties are some of the best-treated in the Arab World, thanks to such linguists as Peter Behnstedt, Werner Arnold, Maciej Klimiuk, Jean Yoseph, Adrien Barthélemy, Kristen Brustad, Mark Cowell, and many others.",
	parent = true,
}

labels["coastal Syria"] = {
	aliases = {"Coastal Syrian", "coastal Syrian", "Coastal Syria", "Syrian coast", "Latakia", "Tartus", "Tartous"},
	regional_categories = "Coastal Syrian",
	Wikipedia = {"Latakia Governorate", "Tartus Governorate", "Alawite State"},
	parent = "Syria",
	addl = "Coastal Syrian varieties, most spoken by {{w|Alawites}}, exhibit much variation, but many are known for unique morphology and for retaining {{m|apc|ق|tr=q}}."
}

-- TODO hama

labels["Qalamoun"] = {
	aliases = {"Qalamouni", "Qalamun", "Qalamuni"},
	regional_categories = "Qalamouni",
	Wikipedia = true,
	parent = "Syria",
	addl = "The Qalamoun Mountains are the last place where varieties of {{w|Western Neo-Aramaic}} are still spoken, and its substrate effects are felt on the local Arabic varieties as well. Additionally, the dialect of {{w|Muadamiyat al-Qalamoun}} is the only {{w|Qeltu}}-like dialect of the western Levant."
}

labels["Nabek"] = {
	aliases = {"Nabk", "Nibk", "al-Nabek", "al-Nabk", "al-Nibk", "an-Nabek", "an-Nabk", "an-Nibk", "Al-Nabek", "Al-Nabk", "Al-Nibk", "An-Nabek", "An-Nabk", "An-Nibk"},
	regional_categories = {"Nabki"},
	Wikipedia = "Al-Nabek",
	parent = "Syria",
	addl = "The traditional Nabki dialect features unique word stress and diphthongs reduced to ''ā'' as part of a chain shift whose latter half was ''ā'' > ''ō''."
}

labels["Soukhne"] = {
	aliases = {"Sukhnah", "al-Sukhnah", "as-Sukhnah", "Al-Sukhnah", "As-Sukhnah", "Soukhne Oasis"},
	regional_categories = true,
	parent = "Syria",
	Wikipedia = "al-Sukhnah",
}

labels["Damascus"] = {
	aliases = {"Damascene"},
	regional_categories = "Damascene",
	parent = "Syria",
	Wikipedia = true,
}

labels["Old Damascene"] = {
	noreg = true,
	aliases = {"old Damascene", "traditional Damascene", "Traditional Damascene"},
	regional_categories = "Old Damascene",
	parent = "Damascus",
	Wikipedia = "Old city of Damascus",
	region = "the traditional dialect of Damascus.",
	addl = "The traditional Damascene dialect is characterized by {{lg|assimilation}} of {{lg|postalveolar}} {{lg|sibilant|sibilants}} into nearby {{lg|alveolar}} ones, such as {{m|apc|سَخْص|tr=saḵṣ|t=person, individual}}, and by vocabulary such as {{m|apc|قَعْل|tr=ʔaʕl|t=mind}} and {{m|apc|هدنك|tr=hadənk|t=those}}.",
}

labels["Aleppo"] = {
	aliases = {"Aleppan", "Aleppine", "Halab", "Halabi"},
	regional_categories = "Aleppine",
	Wikipedia = true,
	parent = "Syria",
	addl = "Aleppan Arabic has been described by Adrien Barthélemy (1935–1954) and Abdulghafur Sabuni (1980)."
}

-- TODO: Bedouin ethnolect label? Is that too broad?

return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels)
Nagmula sa "https://tl.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module:labels/data/lang/apc&oldid=175696"